Identifying burdens of coping with climate change: A typology of the duties of climate justice     

Göran Duus-Otterström  Sverker C. Jagers 《Global Environmental Change》2012,22(3):746-753

One of the central questions in climate change debates concerns fair burden-sharing, i.e. justice in the distribution of costs of undertaking climate-managing policies. In this paper it is argued that in order to distribute such costs justly, it is necessary to have a nuanced understanding of what types of burdens they represent. Climate managing policies are usually divided into responses that seek to reduce the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (mitigation) and responses that seek to prevent harm arising from a changing climate (adaptation). Some have argued that there are normatively significant differences between mitigation and adaptation: that the two responses adhere to different logics and evoke different patterns of burden-sharing. This paper argues that the relevant distinction is instead between negative and positive climate duties, i.e. whether an agent has a duty to undertake climate-managing policies on account of the harm its excessive emissions are causing or simply on account of its ability to assist those in need. The paper offers a typology of the different mitigation and adaptation responses that can be sorted under the negative/positive distinctions. This way of conceptualizing the issue not only enables us to better address the burden-sharing question, offering a more nuanced understanding of the types of climate burdens that are ascribable to agents and pointing out the appropriate roles of contributory responsibility and ability. It also clarifies aspects of the climate negotiations, and explains why it matters whether adaptation finance transferred to vulnerable countries is portrayed as compensation for harmful emissions or simply as donor countries discharging their humanitarian duties.  相似文献   

Liquid freshwater transport and Polar Surface Water characteristics in the East Greenland Current during the AO-02 Oden expedition     

Johan Nilsson  Göran Björk  Peter Winsor 《Progress in Oceanography》2008,78(1):45-57

Dynamical features of the East Greenland Current (EGC) are synthesized from a survey conducted by the Swedish icebreaker Oden during the International Arctic Ocean - 02 expedition (AO-02) in May 2002 with emphasis on the liquid freshwater transport and Polar Surface Water. The data include hydrography and lowered acoustic doppler current profiler (LADCP) velocities in eight transects along the EGC, from the Fram Strait in the north to the Denmark Strait in the south. The survey reveals a strong confinement of the low-salinity polar water in the EGC to the continental slope/shelf—a feature of relevance for the stability of the thermohaline circulation in the Arctic Mediterranean. The southward transport of liquid freshwater in the EGC was found to vary considerably between the sections, ranging between 0.01 and 0.1 Sverdrup. Computations based on geostrophic as well as LADCP velocities give a section-averaged southward freshwater transport of 0.06 Sverdrup in the EGC during May 2002. Furthermore, Oden data suggest that the liquid freshwater transport was as large north of the Fram Strait as it was south of the Denmark Strait.  相似文献   

半滑舌鳎病原鳗利斯顿氏菌表型及分子特征研究半滑舌鳎病原鳗利斯顿氏菌表型及分子特征研究     

张晓君  秦国民  阎斌伦  徐静  毕可然  秦蕾 《海洋学报(英文版)》2009,28(5)

2008年12月，江苏赣榆某渔场养殖半滑舌鳎出现大量死亡，症状主要表现为：头部、鳃盖及鳍基出血， 尾鳍腐烂，腹腔膨胀并积有大量腹水，部分病鱼肠管脱出肛外。从病鱼肝脏、腹水中分离出大量优势生长的 细菌，人工感染试验证明其对半滑舌鳎有较强的致病性。对3株分离菌进行了形态特征、理化特性、胞外酶及溶血素活性等表型生物学性状检验；测定了代表菌株的16S rRNA和gyrB基因序列，分析了16 S rRNA和gyrB两种基因序列的同源性，并构建了系统发生树，比较了两种基因对分离菌的鉴定能力；结果表明gyrB基因用于细菌种间鉴定更具优越性；基于16S rRNA和gyrB基因的系统发育学分析表明分离菌与鳗利斯顿氏菌具有高同源性，根据分离菌的表型及分子特征，判定分离菌为利斯顿氏菌属（Listonella MacDonell and Colwell 1986）的鳗利斯顿氏菌\[Listonella anguillarum ( Bergeman 1909)MacDonell and Colwell 1986\]。胞外酶活性及溶血活性检测表明3株分离菌均具有淀粉酶、蛋白酶、卵磷脂酶等胞外酶活性，在含7%家兔脱纤血液营养琼脂培养基上呈β型溶血，PCR检测3株供试菌均可扩增出大小约493 bp的溶血素基因和大小约248 bp的金属蛋白酶基因。分离菌的耐药谱测定结果显示，对供试49种抗菌药物中的青霉素G等13种药物耐药，对羧苄青霉素等6种药物存在敏感与耐药的株间差异。  相似文献   

Intercomparison of different methods for the determination of trace metals in seawater     

Lutz Brügmann  Lars-Gran Danielsson  Bertil Magnusson  Stig Westerlund 《Marine Chemistry》1983,13(4):327-339

During a cruise on the North Sea and the North East Atlantic, about 90 samples were obtained from various depths. Concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy after separation/concentration using two different extraction methods. One, using APDC and MIBK, was applied directly on board while the other, using a mixture of dithiocarbamates and freon, was applied after storage under acid conditions. About half of the samples were also analysed for cadmium, copper and lead using ASV. The results of these determinations are intercompared. Consistent results were obtained for cadmium with the two extraction methods and for lead with the freon extraction method and ASV. In the other cases discrepancies were found.  相似文献   

Relationship between metallothionein, copper and zinc in perch (Perca fluviatilis) environmentally exposed to heavy metals     

Christer Hogstrand  Gran Lithner  Carl Haux 《Marine environmental research》1989,28(1-4)

Hepatic levels of Cu, Zn and metallothionein (MT) in perch, caught in a Cu/Zn gradient from a brassworks, reflected the water concentration of Cu (1·0–9·4 ppb) and Zn (0·56–59 ppb). Significant correlations were found between hepatic Cu and MT levels (r = 0·72), and between Zn and MT levels (r = 0·69). There was an increase of the amount of Cu and Zn in the cytosolic fraction of the liver with increased hepatic levels of the metals. When liver samples. from perch caught at the most contaminated location, were run on a gel filtration column (Sephadex G-75) 78% of the cytosolic Cu and 24% of the Zn in the cytosol eluted together with MT.  相似文献   

On lipid surface films on the sea. I. A simple method for sampling and studies of composition     

Kåre Larsson  Göran Odham  Anders Södergren 《Marine Chemistry》1974,2(1):49-57

A method for collection of surface films on the sea has been developed and tested at various places along the Swedish West Coast. Considerable amounts of lipids on the sea surface were found even when no seaslicks were observed. Triglycerides, free fatty acids, and wax esters are the dominating constituents, and there are characteristic deviations in the fatty-acid patterns compared to the corresponding lipids dissolved in the sub-surface water. Organochlorine residues, phthalic acid esters and heavy metals also occur in considerable amounts.  相似文献   

Soil frost and runoff at Svartberget,northern Sweden—measurements and model analysis     

Gran Lindstrm  Kevin Bishop  Mikaell Ottosson Lfvenius 《水文研究》2002,16(17):3379-3392

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Cadmium,cobalt, copper,iron, lead,nickel and zinc in Indian Ocean water     

Lars-Göran Danielsson 《Marine Chemistry》1980,8(3):199-215

Results of trace-metal analyses of water samples obtained during a cruise with the Soviet R.V. “Akademik Kurchatov” in the Indian Ocean are presented. The determinations were performed on board with atomic absorption spectrophotometry after a two-stage dithiocarbamate—Freon extraction procedure. Trace-metal concentrations found are in the same range as those found recently for similar open-ocean areas by other workers. The values for lead and zinc are probably high due to contamination. Vertical profiles indicate biogenic processes as controlling factors for the increase of cadmium, copper and nickel concentrations with depth. Iron shows an irregular depth distribution as a result of large random variations in concentration.  相似文献   

Influence of matric suction on shear strength behavior of a residual clayey soil   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

C. Kayadelen  M. A. Tekinsoy  T. Taşkıran 《Environmental Geology》2007,53(4):891-901

In this paper, the shear strength with respect to the matric suction of unsaturated soils was studied. For this purpose, unsaturated triaxial testing procedures were applied to the undisturbed residual soil specimens. An apparatus for performing triaxial tests was designed and constructed. In the tests, matric suction was controlled by using the axis translation technique, and pore water volume changes were measured by means of a volume change transducer with 10⁻⁸ m³ sensitivity. The test results indicated that the matric suction contributes to the shear strength of unsaturated soil specimens, and this contribution called suction strength varies non-linearly with respect to the matric suction. The logarithmic model needing to know the air-entry value and the internal friction angle of a soil specimen for prediction of the suction strength were presented and compared with the test results. It was found that suction strength values predicted from the proposed model were in satisfactory agreement with the experimental results.  相似文献   

Simultaneous inversion for mantle shear velocity and topography of transition zone discontinuities     

Yu J. Gu  Adam M. Dziewo&#;ski  Göran Ekström 《Geophysical Journal International》2003,154(2):559-583

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